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برای رانندگی باید ساعتهایی را با خودروی دنده ای بگذرانید که البته در ایران و چند کشور دیگر اینچنین میباشد .
هرچند برای داشتن اطلاعات بیشتر باید به سایت زیر وارد شده پس میتوانید بر روی لینک زیر کلیک کنید .
اولین کسی که در ایران قربانی تصادف اتومبیل شد، درویش خان نوازنده و استاد تار بود که در سال ۱۳۰۵ درگذشت؛ و اولین افسر آزمایش رانندگی که نام و امضاء او در پای اوراق رانندگان زمان قاجاریه وجود دارد به زبان فرانسه نوشته شده‌است شخصی بنام مسیوکلین بود که بعد از وی این سمت به ناصرخان انشاء اولین متخصص نظمیه محول شد. همچنین اولین آیین‌نامه رانندگی در زمان وستد اهل سوئدی تهیه وتنظیم گردید. وی در سال ۱۲۹۱ ه.ش ریاست نظمیه را به عهده داشت و حدود ۱۰ سال در این پست باقی ماند. از کارهای وی، ترجمه، تنظیم نظامنامه و آیین‌نامه قید شده‌است که راننده هنگام روز در شهر و اماکن پرجمعیت ضمن حرکت از سمت راست باید با سرعت ۱۵ کیلومتر در ساعت و در خارج شهر ۲۵ کیلومتر در ساعت و شب‌ها با ساعتی ۱۰ کیلومتر براند یا اینکه در موقع نزدیک شدن به حیوانات از قبیل اسب و قاطر که طبعاً از صدای ماشین وحشت دارند از سرعت اتومبیل خود بکاهند و آرام حرکت کنند تا باعث وحشت و رم کردن حیوانات نشوند. اولین چراغ‌های راهنمایی و رانندگی در سال‌های دهه ۳۰ در تقاطع‌های سپه (امام خمینی فعلی) ولی عصر، پل امیر بهادر، باغ ملی دروازه شمیران، گمرک و امیریه نصب گردید ولی پیش‌از نصب این چراغها، چراغ‌های راهنمایی به صورت کوله پشتی بودند که دارای دو چراغ قرمز، سبز و کلیدی در جهت خاموش و روشن کردن آن‌ها بود که کوله پشتی در پشت مأمور قرار می‌گرفت و کلید آن روی سینه سمت چپ قرار داشت این چراغها کار می‌کرد و مأمور با پشت کردن به طرف رانندگان اتومبیل آنان را متوقف یا دستور حرکت به آنان می‌دادند. بالاخره در سال‌های ۳۹ و ۴۰ چهارراه دارای چراغ خودکار گردید. نخستین راننده زن در ایران شخصی بنام خانم هِلِن شَه بَنده بود که در سال ۱۳۱۹ موفق به گرفتن گواهینامه گردید و در مطبوعات آن زمان دربارهٔ این اتفاق مقاله نوشتند و بالاخره در سال ۱۳۰۰ هجری شمسی در اداره پلیس شعبه‌ای بنام شعبه آلات ناقله در خیابان باب همایون (درب اندرون سابق) تأسیس گردید و با ۱۰ نفر مأمور که از بین پاسبان‌ها انتخاب شده بودند کار کنترل عبور و مرور اتومبیل‌ها را به عهده گرفتند و علامت مشخصه آن‌ها یا دیگر افراد پلیس بازوبند سفیدی بود که به بازوی چپ خود می‌بستند. ریاست این شعبه به شخصی بنام فتح ا… خان بهنام که در حقیقت اولین رئیس راهنمایی و رانندگی محسوب می‌شد و دارای درجه نایب اولی برابر ستوان یکم بود واگذار گردید.
منبع : wikipedia
This is politics in a climate of fear and intimidation: Inconspicuous offices with no campaign posters and multiple security cameras. No canvassing after dark. Death threats.
LEEDS, England — The campaign office is deliberately inconspicuous — tucked above a salon through an unmarked doorway in a 1970s-era shopping center. There are no campaign posters in the windows. Two cameras are trained on the entrance. The door frame was recently reinforced.
They are necessary precautions, said Rachel Reeves, the Labour candidate who has represented this area of Leeds in Parliament since 2010 and uses the space as both her constituency office and now as her campaign headquarters.
The death threats, abuse on social media and graffiti calling for “traitor” lawmakers to be hanged have changed her approach ahead of Britain’s upcoming general election.This is the new reality, she and other lawmakers say, in a campaign environment that has become remarkably nasty, particularly for women, who face a torrent of abuse and threats often laced with misogyny. And it is happening across the political spectrum.
“I do think it’s a very different atmosphere and environment now compared to the first two times I stood,” Ms. Reeves said. “People are a lot angrier and there’s a lot more polarization, particularly
around the Brexit issue.”
source : https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/04/world/europe/britain-election-women-threats.html
Bloomberg) -- Welcome to the Brussels Edition, Bloomberg’s daily briefing on what matters most in the heart of the European Union. Sign up here to get it in your inbox every weekday morning.
As Jean-Claude Juncker’s European Commission prepares to pass the torch to Ursula von der Leyen’s team, global commerce is about to lose one of its more successful champions — Trade Commissioner Cecilia Malmstrom. In an era of extraordinary political turmoil, venom and unpredictability, she deployed her ordinariness with civility and consistency to deliver blockbuster market-opening agreements that will chart the bloc’s course for decades. The 51-year-old Swede is stepping down after delivering billions in tariff cuts right under U.S. President Donald Trump’s protectionist nose. Her successor, Ireland’s Phil Hogan, has big shoes to fill.
What’s Happening
Steak Stakes | U.S. cattle farmers will move a step closer today to gaining significantly greater access to the EU beef market. The European Parliament is due to vote on giving the U.S. almost 80% of the EU’s annual quota on hormone-free beef after the bloc persuaded Australia, Argentina and Uruguay — the main suppliers — to cede chunks of the import allotment.
New Era | Von der Leyen, who takes office on Dec. 1, vowed to shift the EU’s focus to geopolitics over the next five years, promised sweeping legislative proposals in areas from climate change to AI. In her keynote policy speech, the incoming Commission chief also defended NATO, in a direct rebuff to Emmanuel Macron. Here are the key actions she pledged.
Tech Probe | France’s plans to tax digital giants may take a hit next week when the U.S. announces the findings of its investigation into the levy. The probe is expected to lay out Washington’s justification for retaliatory tariffs to force Paris to abandon a tax against what are mostly U.S. tech giants.
Storage Rules | Can Amazon be faulted for storing third-party products that violate trademark rules? In a dispute at the EU’s top court, cosmetics giant Coty says both Amazon and the seller are liable. A non-binding opinion today could provide clues on the judges’ thinking and show whether there could be wider repercussions for companies with similar warehouses.
In Case You Missed It
Car Woes | British automakers called on the next government to deliver a “ world-beating Brexit trade deal” to bolster competitiveness and safeguard jobs. Their pleas come after they’ve spent more than 500 million pounds preparing for Brexit, with Nissan warning that tariffs on exports to the EU would most likely render its U.K. operations unviable.
Tory Landslide | Boris Johnson’s Conservative Party is on track to win its biggest majority in more than three decades, according to the most hotly anticipated poll of the general election campaign. In areas that opposed Brexit, the poll suggested the Conservatives still had sufficient support to hold their seats.
China Challenge | Angela Merkel said Europe should set up an agency that certifies components for the region’s 5G wireless networks to address safety concerns over equipment from Chinese suppliers, but spoke out against an outright ban for vendors like Huawei. Her call comes as EU nations are due by year-end to agree on bloc-wide measures to mitigate such risks.
Who Pays? | Banks across Europe would be hurt by stricter rules on sovereign debt proposed by the German finance minister and some may need to change their holdings significantly. That’s according to a study on who’ll suffer most if Olaf Scholz’s banking plans are implemented. Euro-area finance ministers are hoping to agree on a way forward next week.
Chart of the Day
While Europe’s equity benchmark is set to record its best annual gain since 2009, it’s been left in the dust by the top stock market worldwide: Greece. The country’s shares have climbed 45% this year, rising from a low base after a decade of crisis. As Greek stocks get out of the doldrums, fund managers may start looking at the market again.
Today’s Agenda
All times CET.
9:30 a.m. ECJ advocate general will give opinion concerning Amazon liability in certain trademark violations 12 p.m. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg to meet Macron in Paris 12 p.m. ESM Managing Director Klaus Regling: “On the Record” with TU Dortmund journalists 12:30 p.m. Health Commissioner Vytenis Andriukaitis to unveil a “Country Health Profiles” report Competitiveness ministers meet in Brussels to discuss a sustainable space economy Antitrust chief Margrethe Vestager delivers keynote speech at a trade union conference in Copenhagen EU lawmakers will vote on resolutions on climate emergency and the crisis of the WTO appellate body EU lawmakers will vote on EU/U.S. agreement on allocation of share for high-quality beef imports
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Don’t keep it to yourself. Colleagues and friends can sign up here. We also publish the Brexit Bulletin, a daily briefing on the latest on the U.K.’s departure from the EU.
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--With assistance from Stephanie Bodoni and Ni Chrysoloras.
To contact the authors of this story: Viktoria Dendrinou in Brussels at vdendrinou@bloomberg.netJonathan Stearns in Brussels at jstearns2@bloomberg.net
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Vidya N Root at vroot@bloomberg.net, Chris Reiter
Hong Kong's democrats scored a landslide majority in district council elections, which saw a record turnout after six months of anti-government protests, increasing pressure on the city's embattled leader on Monday to listen to pro-democracy calls.
Sunday's elections marked a rare weekend lull in the unrest that has rocked the financial hub. Democratic candidates across the city of 7.4 million people secured nearly 90% of the 452 district council seats, broadcaster RTHK reported, despite a strongly resourced and mobilised pro-establishment opposition.
Hong Kong's pro-Beijing chief executive Carrie Lam said in a statement the government respected the results and wished "the peaceful, safe and orderly situation to continue".
"There are various analyses and interpretations in the community in relation to the results, and quite a few are of the view that the results reflect people's dissatisfaction with the current situation and the deep-seated problems in society," she said.
The government would "listen to the opinions of members of the public humbly and seriously reflect", Lam said.
Colin Kaepernick will finally get a chance Saturday to show his stuff again to NFL teams — after nearly a three-year wait.
I have a confession to make: in the more than two years that we are now running this blog, Russell and I have actually never met in person! Russell has links with the Netherlands; and, even worse, I was in London twice during the last 5 months alone. But the closest that we came to meeting was during a recent episode of TRT World’s ‘Roundtable’ on Brexit, in which we both appeared – but in my case only via Skype. While Russell and I clearly need to work on our relationship, both of us appearing in the same programme also made me think about the role of experts in contemporary society. According to the Oxford online dictionary an expert is “A person who is very knowledgeable about or skilful in a particular area.” Experts have gained an important role in society. They, for instance, are a key source of information for EU institutions and other administrative and political bodies. And although Michael Gove (in)famously claimed that people “have had enough of experts”, those same experts are continuously asked to comment on contemporary developments – both Russell and I have regularly been asked to comment on Brexit in media at local, regional, national and international level.
Discussing the same topic during the same television programme creates an acute sense of awareness of your role as an expert. People expect us to say and write knowledgeable stuff, but maybe when it comes to Brexit we are also slowly running out of ammunition. Brexit is, of course, an unprecedented development. States and territories have left the EU and its predecessors before, or have left member-states and thus became non-members by default (Algeria became independent from France in 1962; Greenland, in 1985, and Saint Barthélemy, in 2012, withdrew to become so-called overseas countries and territories of the EU). And, let’s not forget, other countries decided to refrain from membership or withdrew their applications, such as Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Yet, his is the first time ever that a prominent member state is leaving the EU. Perhaps Brexit is not that much of a surprise given that Britain has always been an ‘awkward partner’, but it is difficult to predict what Brexit really means. Brexit means Brexit, right?
But what will Brexit actually look like and what will be its consequences? Even we ‘experts’ don’t know anymore. Consider the many options that are now on the table, some which many people had not expected at all. There’s the EU-UK deal with the (in)famous ‘backstop’, which currently doesn’t receive enough support from either parliament nor the people on the street. Theresa May’s Plan B seems to be Plan A turned on its back, with the EU not willing to budge. And then there’s the no-deal Brexit scenario, which all but a few hard Brexiteers – those are among the Brexiteers with a “special place in hell” – seem to want to avoid. Even a no-Brexit scenario, although not very likely, is not completely of the table, certainly since calls for a second referendum or a general election are still out there.
And then there’s the post-Brexit world. Even in a scenario where the EU and the UK agree to a deal after all, this is only the first step in setting up their future relationship. What will that relationship look like? And will the EU27 remain as unified as they currently are when having to negotiate a trade deal with the UK? We are charting new territory here. Experts answering these questions should perhaps say that we do not always know either. Mind you, I am not bored of Brexit and can surely speculate about it based on what I do know. But we should also not be afraid to admit that we don’t know everything.
source : https://www.e-ir.info/2019/03/20/an-expert-perspective-on-brexit-means-brexit/
The Chinese government is operating more than 250 suspected concentration and labor camps to detain Muslims in the nation’s northwest, according to a new satellite imagery analysis released Tuesday by a U.S.-based human rights group.
The mass detention of mostly ethnic Uighur or Turkic minorities and other Muslims in China’s Xinjiang province has generated international criticism over the past year, but the new data presented Tuesday put the number of detained — as well as the number of detainee camps — far higher than previously reported.
The rights group known as the East Turkistan National Awakening Movement claimed more than 3 million people are being held against their will in some 180 concentration camps and 75 labor camps, all viewable on satellite imagery through the Google Earth.
Organization founder and President Salih Hudayar dismissed claims by Chinese officials that most detainees were released earlier this year and that the camps are legal “re-education centers” designed to deradicalize potential terrorists and separatists in Xinjiang.
“China is not only re-educating these people but subjecting them to torture, subjecting them to forced starvation, forced medication, rape and there have been reports of organ harvesting,” said Mr. Hudayar, who cited a report by the U.S. government-funded Radio Free Asia that at least 150 people had died at one camp over the past six months.
He compared the Chinese government’s activities in Xinjiang, which human rights activists call “Chinese occupied East Turkistan,” to Nazi Germany’s rounding up of Jews at the start of World War II.
“[This] is a very dire situation getting close to what happened in the early 1940s, prior to the official Holocaust of the Jewish people,” Mr. Hudayar said.
The situation is a source of tension between Washington and Beijing. During a news conference in September, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs David Stilwell said that people in Xinjiang were being detained by Chinese authorities “arbitrarily for simple expressions of cultural and religious identity.”
“For example, possessing books on Islam and Uighur culture, reciting the Quran at a funeral, or even wearing religious attire will get you to negative attention from the [Chinese] government,” Mr. Stilwell said.
He made the comments a day after Chinese officials had denounced Secretary of State Mike Pompeo for saying Beijing is trying to “erase” Muslim culture from China.
“China’s repressive campaign in Xinjiang is not about terrorism,” Mr. Pompeo had said in remarks to regional foreign ministers. “[It’s] about China’s attempt to erase its own citizens’ Muslim faith and
source : washingtontimes
A day after increasingly tense clashes between police and protesters in Hong Kong, the U.S. State Department called on both sides to "exercise restraint" and seek "dialogue."
"We condemn violence on all sides, extend our sympathies to victims of violence regardless of their political inclinations, and call for all parties — police and protesters — to exercise restraint," said State Department spokesperson Morgan Ortagus in a statement issued late Monday.
"The increased polarization within Hong Kong society underscores the need for a broad-based and sincere dialogue between the government, protesters, and citizenry writ large. The United States urges the Hong Kong government to build on its dialogue with the Hong Kong public and begin efforts to address the underlying concerns driving the protests. We also urge the protesters to respond to efforts at dialogue," Ortagus added.
The statement comes as Reuters reports that riot police fired tear gas at a university campus on Tuesday and protesters blocked streets and subway stations to disrupt commuter railway services.
As NPR's Bill Chappell reported, Monday "was perhaps the most violent day in roughly five months of protests over Hong Kong's relationship with Beijing."
On Monday, a Hong police officer shot an unarmed protester at point-blank range as he held another protester in a head lock. Hong Kong police said the officer acted in self-defense.
Another man was set on fire after an angry exchange with protesters in a different part of the city. The incident caused Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam to label the protesters as "the people's enemy" who were "destroying society." She said that about 60 people were injured in Monday's violence.
Lam said she would "spare no effort" to bring the protests to an end.
President Evo Morales of Bolivia, who came to power more than a decade ago as part of a leftist wave sweeping Latin America, resigned Sunday after unrelenting protests by an infuriated population that accused him of undermining democracy to extend his rule.
Morales and his vice president, Álvaro García Linera, who also resigned, said in a national address that they were stepping down in an effort to stop the bloodshed that has spread across the country in recent weeks. But they admitted no wrongdoing and instead insisted that they were victims of a coup.
“The coup has been consummated,” García said.
Morales was once widely popular and stayed in the presidency longer than any other current head of state in Latin America. He was the first indigenous president in a country that had been led by a tiny elite of European descent for centuries, and he shepherded Bolivia through an era of economic growth and shrinking inequality, winning support from Bolivians who saw him as their first true representative in the capital.
“I want to tell you, brothers and sisters, that the fight does not end here,” Morales said Sunday. “The poor, the social movements, will continue in this fight for equality and peace.”
“It hurts a lot,” he added.
Morales’ reluctance to give up power — first bending the country’s laws to stand for a fourth election, then insisting that he won despite widespread concerns about fraud — left him besieged by protests, abandoned by allies and unable to count on the police and the armed forces, which sided with the protesters and demanded he resign.
As the country slipped into deeper turmoil over the weekend, protesters voiced their fear of Bolivia’s trajectory under Morales.
“This is not Cuba. This is not Venezuela!” they chanted in La Paz, Bolivia’s main city, over the weekend. “This is Bolivia, and Bolivia will be respected.”
Carlos Mesa, the former president who came second in last month’s election, celebrated Morales’ resignation, which he characterized as “the end of tyranny.”
It remained unclear Sunday night who would take power as several officials in the line of succession had resigned. Morales’ resignation statement was expected to be read in Congress on Monday.
Mexico’s foreign minister, Marcelo Ebrard, said on Twitter on Sunday night that his country would offer Morales asylum if he sought it. Late Sunday, Morales said in a statement on Twitter that the police were seeking to arrest him “illegally” and that “violent groups” had assaulted his home.
Morales’ departure is a milestone in the spasms of unrest that have roiled Latin America in recent months. Several leaders in the region have been bedeviled by street protests, acts of vandalism and deepening political polarization — dynamics exacerbated by underperforming economies and rising outrage over inequality.
As it became clear that the military would turn on him, Morales flew with García and a small number of aides from La Paz to Chimoré, in the state of Cochabamba. It was unclear whether Morales intended to leave Bolivia or stay in that area, which is home to coca leaf growers and has been a stronghold of support.
Morales’ increasing grip on the country had been worrying critics — and many supporters — for years.
In 2016, he had asked voters to do away with the two-term limit established in the 2009 constitution, which was drafted and approved during the president’s first term. Voters narrowly rejected the proposal in a referendum — which, under Bolivian law, was supposed to have been binding.
But Morales found a workaround. The Constitutional Court, which is packed with his loyalists, held that term limits constricted human rights, giving Morales the right to run for office indefinitely.
The beginning of the end for Morales came Friday night, when a smattering of small police units made dramatic pronouncements that they were breaking from the government and joining protesters angry over suspicions that the Oct. 20 presidential election had been rigged.
Morales appeared intent on weathering the storm until his generals abandoned him Sunday. During his presidency, Morales went to great lengths to make the armed forces an integral part of his political movement, mindful of the country’s long history of coups.
Christoph Harig, a research fellow at the University of the Federal Armed Forces, Hamburg, Germany, who studies the relationship between the military and civilian leaders in Latin America, said Morales’ ouster did not constitute an “old-school coup in which the military aims to take power itself.”
But he said the sequence of events that led to the president’s resignation was “not the sign of a healthy democracy” and added to the recent events in Latin American in which military leaders have been dragged into political disputes.
“It once more reinforces the military’s position as final arbiter in political crises,” he said, predicting that it would “further fuel polarization.”
Police officers in La Paz were among the first to join the revolt. Initially, many took to the streets with bandannas or surgical masks covering their faces, apparently fearful of being identified. But as their ranks grew, many shed the masks and used bullhorns to address protesters.
“Our duty will always be the defense of the people,” a female officer said through tears in a televised address. “The police are with the people!”
By Sunday, the rebellion had spread to the military.
Shortly before Morales went on national television to announce his resignation, the commander of Bolivia’s armed forces, Gen. Williams Kaliman, said the military chiefs believed he should step down to restore “peace and stability and for the good of our Bolivia.”
When Bolivians went to the polls in October, many expressed hope that the president would suffer the first electoral loss since his landslide victory in 2005. Graffiti denouncing Morales as a “dictator” was ubiquitous in the capital.
The opposition felt victorious when initial results showed that Morales had failed to carve out the 10-percentage-point margin needed for an outright win and would have to face a runoff. That scenario was potentially ruinous for Morales because other opposition candidates had endorsed the runner-up, Mesa.
Without explaining why, election officials stopped releasing information on the vote count for 24 hours. The evening after the election, they announced a stunning update: Morales had won outright, with enough votes to avoid a second round.
Opposition leaders and international observers cried foul, saying that Morales’ turn of fortune defied credulity. Angry mobs attacked election buildings around the country, setting some on fire.
In subsequent days, large demonstrations and strikes paralyzed much of the country. Morales defended his electoral triumph as rightful and called on supporters to take to the streets in a show of force. Many have, including bands that have roughed up people protesting the government.
Morales’ standing grew precarious Sunday after the Organization of American States, which monitored the election, issued a preliminary report that outlined irregularities and said the vote should be annulled.
In response, Morales called for a new election in an extraordinary concession. But it did not appease demonstrators and opposition leaders, who renewed calls for him to step down.
The president’s hold on power grew more tenuous as the day wore on. Leading figures in his party resigned, and the military launched operations that appeared intended to protect protesters from armed bands of Morales supporters.
Morales, a member of the Aymara indigenous people, rose to prominence as a union leader for coca leaf growers. On his watch, the country’s power structure was transformed. Women today hold nearly half the seats in Congress, and indigenous people hold more sway than ever.
His first term also coincided with a commodities boom that allowed him and other leftist leaders in Latin America to lift millions out of poverty through subsidies and political patronage. One of the poorest nations in the world, Bolivia used proceeds from natural gas exports to turbocharge its economy.
His party, the Movement for Socialism, has long been the country’s dominant political force, controlling both houses of Congress. Opponents struggled to compete with Morales because of his enormous support, but they also faced enormous personal risk. Morales has unleashed allies in the judiciary against political rivals, many of whom have landed in jail or gone into exile.
Raúl Madrid, a professor of government and Latin American politics at the University of Texas at Austin who studies Bolivia closely, said Morales came to feel indispensable.
“I think he views himself as the savior of Bolivia, as a representative of the marginalized people of Bolivia, especially indigenous people,” he said.
Madrid said that if Morales had stepped down after his second or third term, he would have walked away with a commendable legacy. Yet, he added, the president’s decision to try to remain in power was unsurprising.
“From the beginning, he was not interested in grooming a successor that could have threatened him from within,” Madrid said. “These populist leaders who try to hold on to power at all cost end up undermining their legacy, and people remember them as dictators or would-be dictators.”
Leftist leaders in Latin America, including President Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela, Argentina’s incoming president, Alberto Fernández, and former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil condemned Morales’ ouster as a coup.
“It’s unfortunate that Latin America has a financial elite that does not know how to abide by democracy and the social inclusion of the poorest people,” da Silva said.
Jair Bolsonaro, Brazil’s far-right president, said he was pleased to see Morales go.
“The word ‘coup’ is used a lot when the left loses,” he told the newspaper O
Globo. “When they win, it’s legitimate. When they lose, it’s a coup.
source : seattletimes
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